eLibrary
  • Home
  • Sources
  • Search
  • About

Phosphoric Acid-assisted Structural Engineering of Wheat Straw-derived Hard Carbon for High-performance Sodium-ion Batteries

Qian Liu, Dandan Ma, Yefeng Feng, Miao He
International Core Journal of Engineering, (2026), Vol.12, No.4, pp.420-427
Published: April 14, 2026
DOI: 10.6919/ICJE.202604_12(4).0044
PDF: Download Full Text PDF
Abstract

This article uses agricultural waste straw as a precursor, first employing phosphoric acid pretreatment to regulate its lignocellulosic structure, and prepared phosphoric acid-treated straw hard carbon (PLHC-P). Structural characterization indicates that PLHC possesses a relatively high number of surface oxygen-containing functional groups and defects, with sodium storage primarily occurring through surface adsorption. Phosphoric acid pretreatment effectively deconstructs the dense lignocellulosic structure of straw, creating a rich porous structure through etching, expanding the interlayer spacing of carbon, and introducing phosphorus doping. After further compositing with asphalt, a stable carbon layer is formed, effectively buffering volume changes, further expanding interlayer spacing, increasing closed pore volume, and forming a denser carbon structure. Electrochemical test results show: PLHC has a reversible capacity of 230 mAh/g at a current density of 20 mA/g; PLHC-P has a capacity of 280 mAh/g under the same conditions, and at a high current density of 300 mA/g, PLHC-P maintains a capacity of 200 mAh/g after 800 cycles.

Keywords: Sodium-ion Battery; Wheat Straw; Anode Material.
APA Citation: Qian Liu, Dandan Ma, Yefeng Feng, Miao He (2026). Phosphoric Acid-assisted Structural Engineering of Wheat Straw-derived Hard Carbon for High-performance Sodium-ion Batteries. International Core Journal of Engineering, 12(4), 420-427. https://doi.org/10.6919/ICJE.202604_12(4).0044

References

  1. N. Yabuuchi, K. Kubota, M. Dahbi, S. Komaba, Research development on sodium-ion batteries, Chem. Rev. 114 (2014) 11636–11682.
  2. J.Y. Hwang, S.T. Myung, Y.K. Sun, Sodium-ion batteries: present and future, Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 (2017) 3529–3614.
  3. Y. Cao, The opportunities and challenges of sodium ion battery, Energy Storage Sci. Technol. 9 (2020) 757.
  4. M. Sawicki, L.L. Shaw, Advances and challenges of sodium ion batteries as post lithium-ion batteries, RSC Adv. 5 (2015) 53129–53154.
  5. D.-L. Cheng, L.-C. Yang, M. Zhu, High-performance anode materials for Na-ion batteries, Rare Met. 37 (2018) 167–180.
  6. J. Wang, L. Xi, C. Peng et al., Recent progress in hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries, Adv. Eng. Mater. 26 (2024) 2302063.
  7. X. Chen, N. Sawut, K. Chen et al., Filling carbon: a microstructure-engineered hard carbon for efficient alkali metal ion storage, Energy Environ. Sci. 16 (2023) 4041–4053.
  8. D. Alvira, D. Antorán, J.J. Manyà, Plant-derived hard carbon as anode for sodium-ion batteries: a comprehensive review to guide interdisciplinary research, Chem. Eng. J. 447 (2022) 137468.
  9. X. Dou, I. Hasa, D. Saurel et al., Hard carbons for sodium-ion batteries: structure, analysis, sustainability, and electrochemistry, Mater. Today 23 (2019) 87–104.
  10. D. Saurel, B. Orayech, B. Xiao et al., From charge storage mechanism to performance: a roadmap toward high specific energy sodium-ion batteries through carbon anode optimization, Adv. Energy Mater. 8 (2018) 1703268.
  11. Q. Meng, Y. Lu, F. Ding et al., Tuning the closed pore structure of hard carbons with the highest Na storage capacity, ACS Energy Lett. 4 (2019) 2608–2612.
  12. C. Zhao, Q. Wang, Y. Lu et al., High-temperature treatment induced carbon anode with ultrahigh Na storage capacity at low-voltage Plateau, Sci. Bull. 63 (2018) 1125–1129.
  13. Y. Huang, Z. Tang, S. Zhou et al., Renewable waste biomass-derived carbon materials for energy storage, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 55 (2022) 313002.
  14. J. Zhu, J. Roscoe, S. Chandrasekaran et al., Biomass-derived carbons for sodium-ion batteries and sodium-ion capacitors, ChemSusChem 13 (2020) 1275–1295.
  15. C.D.M. Saavedra Rios, L. Simonin, A.D. Geyer et al., Unraveling the properties of biomass-derived hard carbons upon thermal treatment for a practical application in Na-ion batteries, Energies 13 (2020) 3513.
  16. S. Zhou, Z. Tang, G. Jin et al., Understanding the relationship of closed pore structure in biomass-derived hard carbon with cellulose regulating strategy, Small 20 (2024) 2407341.
  17. Z. Huang, J. Huang, L. Zhong et al., Deconstruction engineering of lignocellulose toward high-plateau-capacity hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries, Small 20 (2024) 2405632.
  18. S. Zhou, Z. Tang, Z. Pan et al., Regulating closed pore structure enables significantly improved sodium storage for hard carbon pyrolyzing at relatively low temperature, SusMat 2 (2022) 357–367.
  19. Z. Tang, R. Zhang, H. Wang et al., Revealing the closed pore formation of waste wood-derived hard carbon for advanced sodium-ion battery, Nat. Commun. 14 (2023) 6024.
  20. Z. Li, L. Ma, T.W. Surta et al., High capacity of hard carbon anode in Na-ion batteries unlocked by POₓ doping, ACS Energy Lett. 1 (2016) 395–401.
  21. P. Bai, Y. He, X. Zou et al., Elucidation of the sodium-storage mechanism in hard carbons, Adv. Energy Mater. 8 (2018) 1703217.
  22. M. Palanisamy, R. Perumal, V.G. Pol, Mesoporous weaved turbostratic nanodomains enable stable Na⁺ ion storage, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14 (2021) 684–697.
  23. T. Xu, X. Qiu, X. Zhang, Y. Xia, Regulation of surface oxygen functional groups and pore structure of bamboo-derived hard carbon for enhanced sodium storage performance, Chem. Eng. J. 452 (2023) 139514.
  24. Y. Li, Y. Yuan, Y. Bai et al., Insights into the Na⁺ storage mechanism of phosphorous-functionalized hard carbon as ultrahigh capacity anodes, Adv. Energy Mater. 8 (2018) 1702781.
  25. E.M. Lotfabad, J. Ding, K. Cui et al., High-density sodium and lithium ion battery anodes from banana peels, ACS Nano 8 (2014) 7115–7129.
  26. J. Deng, T. Xiong, H. Wang et al., Effects of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin on the structure and morphology of porous carbons, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 4 (2016) 3750–3756.
  27. J. Zhao, X. He, W. Lai et al., Catalytic defect-repairing using manganese ions for hard carbon anode with high-capacity and high-initial-Coulombic-efficiency in sodium-ion batteries, Adv. Energy Mater. 13 (2023) 2300444.
  28. Q. He, H. Chen, X. Chen et al., Tea-derived sustainable materials, Adv. Funct. Mater. 34 (2024) 2310226.
  29. D. Wu, Z. Yao, X. Sun et al., Mussel-tailored carbon fiber/carbon nanotubes interface for elevated interfacial properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites, Chem. Eng. J. 429 (2022) 132449.
  30. Z.-G. Liu, J. Zhao, H. Yao et al., P-doped spherical hard carbon with high initial coulombic efficiency and enhanced capacity for sodium ion batteries, Chem. Sci. 15 (2024) 8478–8487.
  31. H. Zhao, J. Ye, W. Song et al., Insights into the surface oxygen functional group-driven fast and stable sodium adsorption on carbon, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 (2020) 6991–7000.
  32. Y. Zheng, Y. Lu, X. Qi et al., Superior electrochemical performance of sodium-ion full-cell using poplar wood derived hard carbon anode, Energy Storage Mater. 18 (2019) 269–279.
  33. V.A. Agubra, J.W. Fergus, The formation and stability of the solid electrolyte interface on the graphite anode, J. Power Sources 268 (2014) 153–162.
© 2026 eLibrary · Stand on the shoulders of giants