Exploration of Low-Power Communication Technologies in Passive Internet of Things (IoT)

Passive IoT enables battery-free communication by harvesting ambient energy, offering a revolutionary pathway for building green and sustainable massive IoT networks. This paper explores the principles of key low-power technologies such as ambient backscattering and energy harvesting, and analyzes their application value and challenges in scenarios including retail, logistics, and industrial monitoring. The research indicates that this technology will drive the evolution of IoT towards ultra-low cost and maintenance-free operation. However, its large-scale adoption still depends on overcoming bottlenecks related to communication range and the standard ecosystem.